Applying two definitions of the union of IF-events, P. Grzegorzewski gave two generalizations of the inclusion-exclusion principle for IF-events. In this paper we prove an inclusion-exclusion principle for IF-STATES based on a method which can also be used to prove Grzegorzewski's inclusion-exclusion principle for probabilities on IF-events. Finally, we give some applications of this principle by extending some results regarding the classical probabilities to the case of the IF-STATES.

The A5/1 algorithm is one of the most famous stream cipher algorithms used for over-the-air communication privacy in GSM. The purpose of this paper is to analyze several weaknesses of A5/1, including an improvement to an attack and investigation of the A5/1 state transition. Biham and Dunkelman proposed an attack on A5/1 with a time and data complexity of 239.91and 221.1, respectively.In this paper, we propose a method for identification and elimination of USELESS STATES from the pre-computed tables and a new approach to access the table in the online phase of the attack which reduces the time complexity to 237.89 and the required memory in half. Furthermore, we discuss another weakness of A5/1 by investigating its internal state transition and its keystream sequence period. Consequently, the internal STATES are divided into two classes, initially periodic and ultimately periodic. The presented model is verified using a variety of simulations which are consistent with the theoretical results.

This article examines the concept of “Pretentious Boasting” (i.e., excessive display for fame, a self-aggrandizing and vainglorious veneer—which is considered reprehensible) and explores why such behavior is deemed “futile” or devoid of value—indeed, “repugnant, disgusting, even morally forbidden to sound, whole, or perennial intellect”—within the context of an Islamic worldview grounded in wisdom and knowledge. This worldview is “wise simplicity”, prioritizing “usefulness to the spiritual, intellectual, practical, and physical well-being of individuals and the community”. Relying on divine instruction in the Qur’an and the rational-analytical legacy of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and continual blessings be upon him), his household, and the Shiite Imams, the study highlights their advocacy for: Wise simplicity, Avoidance of pretentious boasting, Nurturing mutual flourishing in a complementary, purposeful system—where the parts work together synergistically to enhance collective well-being. Through analysis of their approach to designing religious law (sharīʿah) and social order grounded in wisdom and knowledge, and their efforts to enact these principles in daily life, this paper identifies derived principles and rulings that shape the aesthetics, structure, and functional design of Islamic art, architecture, and city planning. Applying these principles to the engineering of residential and urban spaces in Iran and other lands influenced by this culture, the article demonstrates how: The ethos of wise simplicity, The imperative to be useful to environments, The principle of complementarity of parts within a purposeful system, The rejection of pretentious boasting, And avoidance of futility of parts are concretely embodied in the geometric design, spatial structure, and ornamental restraint of traditional and contemporary Islamic architecture.

One of the most important issues in the design of CNN accelerators pertains to the accelerator's ability to effectively leverage the available opportunities in the type and processing of input data, and the task of achieving this objective mostly lies with the dataflow. Equal channel size in the input feature map and filter of CNNs is one of these opportunities, which makes it desirable to design dataflow as Channel Dimension Stationary (CDS). On the other hand, the complexity of designing computations based on the Cartesian product (due to its all-to-all nature) is lower, especially in CDS dataflows. But, since the Cartesian product method causes the generation of USELESS products and, as a result, reduces performance and energy efficiency, there is less desire for this type of design. This paper presents a frame called FUCA for Cartesian product-based dataflows, which avoids operations leading to USELESS products. The analysis revealed that FUCA reduces runtime and energy consumption in the Cartesian product-based dataflow by 1.5x, potentially surpassing the sliding window-based dataflow

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of adherence to USELESS and noninstrumental information on preference and decision-making in different domains. Method: In this interventional psychological research, 800 participants read scenarios in four experiments. In these scenarios they were asked to make decisions about different issues including kidney donation. Half of the participants were provided with simple scenarios and the other half were provided with ambiguous ones. Simple scenarios were related to decision-making tasks that contained "USELESS and noninstrumental information" about the issue to be decided. Ambiguous scenarios were related to decision-making tasks that did not contain USELESS and noninstrumental information in the beginning, but that information would be provided for them after a specific interval. Results: All four experiments resulted in the same strong and reliable finding: receiving USELESS information after some delay and waiting, appears to be useful and relevant; therefore, the possibility of using them in the final decision-making increases. Conclusion: People lack defined preferences, and composes them in the course of decision-making.

Recently in \cite{DvZa5,DvZa6}, new algebras, called weak pseudo EMV-algebras, wPEMV-algebras for short, were introduced generalizing pseudo MV-algebras, generalized Boolean algebras and pseudo EMV-algebras. For these algebras a top element is not assumed a priori. For this class of algebras, we define a state as a finitely additive mapping from a wPEMV-algebra into the real interval $[0,1]$ which preserves a partial addition of two non-interactive elements and attaining the value $1$ in some element. It can happen that some commutative wPEMV-algebras are stateless, e.g. cancellative ones.\\%The paper is divided into two parts. Part I deals with basic properties of STATES and state-morphisms which are wPEMV-homomorphisms from a wPEMV-algebra into the real interval $[0,1]$ endowed as a commutative wPEMV-algebra. We show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of state-morphisms and the set of maximal and normal ideals having a special property.In Part II, we present an analogue of the Krein-Mil'man theorem applied to the set of STATES. We characterize the space of the state-morphisms of a wPEMV-algebra without top element as a Hausdorff locally compact space in the weak topology of STATES and we present its Alexandroff's one-point compactification. Moreover, we give an integral representation of any (finitely additive) state by a unique regular Borel $\sigma$-additive probability measure.

Background: Educational posters play a crucial role in education, information dissemination, and awareness. Their visual appeal efficiently communicates condensed yet vital information on significant topics, making them valuable for teaching sequential concepts. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational posters in the oral and maxillofacial surgery department for student education. Methods: The study was carried out during the fall semester of 2022 at Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad, Iran utilizing a questionnaire-based approach. The questionnaire gathered demographic information and assessed students' perspectives on educational posters. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23 with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: This study was conducted on 70 students (35 females and 35 males). Gender-based analysis demonstrated significant differences in beauty, adaptability, and learning, with male students scoring lower than females (P values = 0.036 and 0.031, respectively). Further analysis by academic year unveiled higher beauty and adaptability scores among third-year students compared to second-year students, showing statistical significance (P value = 0.035). A two-by-two comparison highlighted that the average beauty score of third and fifth-year students surpassed that of second-year students (P values = 0.041 and 0.038, respectively). In summary, higher academic years correlated with superior performance, emphasizing the potential impact of educational posters on academic outcomes. Conclusion: Posters in the oral and maxillofacial surgery department received commendable ratings in various areas, positively impacting the teaching and learning process.

Entertainment, fun and amusement in free time as an optional, voluntary and non-profit activity with functions such as refreshment, creating variety, and enjoyment are parts of usual activities in daily life and somehow unavoidable. The question inciting the writer to compile this article is as follows: "What value and norm position does Islam – as a religion of life – take regarding such activities that have increasingly been widespread these days. Exploring the notions and key words common in religious sources – especially the Quran – that most commentators have adduced in their jurisprudential and moral positions as opponents and proponents will be the introduction for achieving that goal. He method of this study is exploratory with scrutiny in the views of lexicographers as well as interpretation and analysis of the content of the selected written sources to achieve this goal. The finding of the research is that lahw and la'eb (meaning 'frivolity') as two highly frequent words in religious texts, including the holy Quran, although denote entertainment and fun activities, only some of those activities have been regarded illicit and forbidden due to certain jurisprudential criteria. The rest of the activities are among the licit and permitted activities. The dominant approach in this discussion is a terminological and lexicographical one with some references to jurisprudence and commentary issues.

Dissemination of polymeric waste in the environment is one of the most important concerns of the world today. Used plastics and worn tires are one of the most important sources of this type of waste. Chemically, these materials are very similar to bitumen as the most used and expensive component of asphalt mixtures. Therefore, using these waste materials as an additive in bitumen while reducing environmental pollution can improve the performance characteristics of the pavement. Investigating the effect of each type of additive on the fatigue performance of asphalt mixture is essential as one of the most important factors in causing pavement damage. Therefore, in this research, in addition to examining the physical properties of bitumen, the fatigue performance of asphalt mixture containing different percentages of waste plastic and rubber powder has been investigated using the four-point bending beam method. The results of this test using the hardness method, Normalized hardness and energy method were analyzed. The results showed that waste plastic reduced the fatigue resistance of the asphalt mixture, which was compensated to a significant extent by adding rubber powder. So that the samples containing rubber powder and waste plastic at the same time had a longer fatigue life than the control sample.

Recently in \cite{DvZa5,DvZa6}, new algebras, called weak pseudo EMV-algebras, wPEMV-algebras for short, were introduced generalizing pseudo MV-algebras, generalized Boolean algebras and pseudo EMV-algebras. For these algebras a top element is not assumed a priori. For this class of algebras, we define a state as a finitely additive mapping from a wPEMV-algebra into the real interval $[0,1]$ which preserves a partial addition of two non-interactive elements and attaining the value $1$ in some element. It can happen that some commutative wPEMV-algebras are stateless, e.g. cancellative ones.The paper is divided into two parts. Part I deals with basic properties of STATES and state-morphisms which are wPEMV-homomorphisms from a wPEMV-algebra into the real interval $[0,1]$ endowed as a commutative wPEMV-algebra. We show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of state-morphisms and the set of maximal and normal ideals having a special property.In Part II, we present an analogue of the Krein-Mil'man theorem applied to the set of STATES. We characterize the space of the state-morphisms of a wPEMV-algebra without top element as a Hausdorff locally compact space in the weak topology of STATES and we present its Alexandroff's one-point compactification. Moreover, we give an integral representation of any (finitely additive) state by a unique regular Borel $\sigma$-additive probability measure.